Lipoproteína

Lipoproteína is a complex molecule composed of lipids and proteins that transports hydrophobic molecules through the bloodstream. Since lipids are insoluble in water, they must be packaged with proteins to form water-soluble lipoprotein particles. These particles are crucial for the transport of cholesterol, triglycerides, and other fats throughout the body.

Lipoproteins are classified based on their density, which is determined by the ratio of lipid to protein content. The main classes include chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Each class plays a distinct role in lipid metabolism.

Chylomicrons are the largest and least dense, primarily transporting dietary triglycerides from the intestine to tissues. VLDL particles are synthesized in the liver and transport endogenous triglycerides. As triglycerides are removed, VLDL transforms into IDL and then LDL. LDL is often referred to as "bad cholesterol" because it carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues, and high levels are associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. HDL, conversely, is known as "good cholesterol" as it removes excess cholesterol from tissues and transports it back to the liver for excretion. The balance and function of these lipoproteins are critical for cardiovascular health.