Lennundus

Lennundus is the field of aviation. It covers the design, production, operation, and use of aircraft for civil and military purposes, as well as airports, air traffic management, and safety systems.

Its history begins with early flight experiments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first powered flight by the Wright brothers in 1903 marked the start of controlled aviation. The mid-20th century saw rapid growth in commercial air travel, the advent of jet propulsion, and the expansion of global routes.

The discipline comprises several subfields, including aeronautical engineering, aircraft operations, air traffic services, aviation safety and accident investigation, regulation and certification, and airport and airline management. International bodies such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) set standards, while national authorities enforce them.

Modern lennundus encompasses manufacturers, airlines, airports, and service providers, and plays a central role in tourism, trade, and emergency response. It includes civil aviation, military aviation, general aviation, air cargo, and emerging areas such as unmanned aerial systems.

Current challenges include maintaining high safety and security standards, mitigating environmental impact through more efficient aircraft and sustainable fuels, managing noise in populated areas, and leveraging digital technology for operations, air traffic management, and predictive maintenance.