Lennuliiklusele

Lennuliiklusele is the term used to describe the movement of aircraft through airspace and the systems and procedures that control and organize that movement. It covers en-route traffic, terminal and approach control, as well as airport operations, and the planning and information services that support flight operations. The primary goal is to maintain safe separation between aircraft, optimize routing, reduce delays, and minimize environmental impact.

Regulation is based on international standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In Europe, air traffic management is coordinated within the Eurocontrol area and governed by European Union aviation rules. National authorities issue aviation laws, grant permissions, and oversee safety and compliance, while service providers deliver air navigation services.

Key components include air traffic control towers, area control centres, approach facilities, and flight information regions. Technology such as radar, satellite-based navigation (GNSS), ADS-B, and data communications (CPDLC) supports navigation and communication. Flight plans and weather information are integral to operations, and separation management relies on defined minimum distances between aircraft.

Evolution and challenges: The system has progressed from visual signaling and basic radio communication to sophisticated satellite-based navigation and trajectory-based operations. Modernization programs aim to improve capacity and efficiency, but face challenges such as weather, airspace capacity limits, cybersecurity, and cross-border coordination.

Estonian context: Estonia participates in European airspace management and adheres to ICAO standards. Air traffic services in Estonian airspace operate under EU and Eurocontrol rules, with cooperation between civil and military authorities to ensure safe operations.