Latgalian

Latgalian, or Latgaliešu valoda, is a Baltic language variety spoken primarily in Latgale, the eastern region of Latvia. Its status is debated: many linguists classify it as a distinct language, while others regard it as a dialect of Latvian. Supporters point to its unique vocabulary, pronunciation, and literary tradition, while critics emphasize its close connection to Latvian and high degree of mutual intelligibility.

Geographically, Latgalian is concentrated in Latgale, including cities such as Daugavpils and Rēzekne, with speakers also found in other parts of Latvia and in Latgalian-speaking communities abroad. The language exists alongside standard Latvian and a long-standing bilingual or diglossic situation is common in the region.

Latgalian has its own written norm and a body of literature, journalism, and cultural production. The language uses the Latin script, with orthographic conventions developed to reflect its phonology and vocabulary. Education, media, and cultural organizations promote Latgalian language and culture, contributing to a revival and maintenance of linguistic heritage. Its use varies by community, generation, and context.

This status places Latgalian within Latvia’s multilingual landscape and raises questions about language policy, education, and minority rights. While not universally treated as an official minority language, Latgalian enjoys regional recognition and is the focus of ongoing efforts to preserve linguistic diversity and Latgalian identity.