Landwirtschaft

Landwirtschaft, or agriculture, is the management of land and resources to produce food, fiber, and other goods. It covers crop production, animal husbandry, horticulture, and often forestry as well as related activities such as aquaculture and agribusiness. It involves on-farm practices, the use of inputs like seeds, water, and fertilizers, and the application of science to improve yields and sustainability. The term is used in German-speaking regions to denote both the science and practice of farming.

Early agriculture arose independently in various regions during the Neolithic period, enabling settled communities. Over centuries, farming methods evolved from manual labor to mechanization, with the agricultural revolutions expanding yields. The 20th century saw the green revolution, selective breeding, and improved fertilizers and irrigation, increasing productivity. In modern times, technology such as sensors, drones, and data-driven management shapes many farms.

Typical agricultural systems include arable farming for crops, pasture and livestock farming, and mixed farming that combines crops and animals. Practices aim to maintain soil fertility, manage water resources, control pests, and reduce environmental impact. Sustainable approaches include conservation agriculture, integrated pest management, organic farming, agroforestry, and precision agriculture. Supply chains connect farmers with food processing, distribution, and consumers.

Agriculture provides livelihoods, food security, and raw materials, but it also interacts with ecosystems through land use, water consumption, and emissions. In developed economies, capital-intensive farming and large-scale operations predominate; in many developing regions, smallholder farms remain common. Environmental challenges include soil degradation, water scarcity, biodiversity loss, and climate change. Policy frameworks, markets, and rural development initiatives influence productivity and resilience.

Overall, Landwirtschaft is a central economic and cultural activity with regional variation, evolving through science and technology while facing ongoing sustainability goals.