Lakulisha

Lakulisha is a significant figure in Shaivism, traditionally considered the 28th and final human incarnation of the god Shiva. He is credited with reviving and systematizing the Pāśupata sect, one of the earliest Shaiva traditions. The name Lakulisha is often interpreted as "Lord of the Club" or "Lord of the Danda," referring to the club (lakula or danda) he is depicted holding.

The historical context of Lakulisha is somewhat debated, with scholars placing his existence anywhere from the 2nd to the 5th century CE. His origin is often associated with Gujarat in western India, particularly the region of Karvan. Texts like the Pāśupata Sūtras and the Mahābhāṣya of Vyāsa mention him, though details about his life are largely legendary.

Lakulisha's teachings emphasize asceticism, meditation, and the practice of yoga as paths to liberation. He is depicted as a mendicant, often shown in a yogic posture, holding a staff and a citron. His followers believed that by adhering to his teachings and practices, one could attain moksha (liberation) and merge with Shiva. The Pāśupata tradition influenced later Shaiva schools and contributed to the development of Tantric practices. Images and representations of Lakulisha are found in various archaeological sites and sculptures, particularly in western India, attesting to his historical importance.