Laktózérzékenység

Laktózérzékenység, also known as lactose intolerance, is a common digestive disorder characterized by the inability to fully digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. This inability is due to a deficiency in lactase, an enzyme produced by the small intestine that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. When lactase is insufficient, undigested lactose passes into the large intestine, where bacteria ferment it, producing gas and other byproducts.

The symptoms of lactose intolerance typically manifest 30 minutes to 2 hours after consuming foods or drinks containing lactose. These symptoms can include bloating, gas, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps. The severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of lactose consumed and the individual's level of lactase deficiency.

There are several types of lactose intolerance. Primary lactose intolerance is the most common form, developing gradually in adulthood as lactase production declines naturally. Secondary lactose intolerance occurs as a result of damage to the small intestine, which can be caused by conditions like celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or gastrointestinal surgery. Congenital lactase deficiency is a rare inherited disorder where infants are born with little or no lactase activity.

Diagnosis of lactose intolerance is usually based on a medical history, physical examination, and sometimes specific tests such as a hydrogen breath test or a lactose tolerance test. Treatment primarily involves dietary management, such as reducing or eliminating lactose-containing foods and beverages from the diet. Lactase enzyme supplements are also available and can be taken before consuming dairy products to aid digestion. Many individuals with lactose intolerance can still consume small amounts of dairy, particularly yogurt and hard cheeses, as these often contain lower levels of lactose or have been partially broken down by bacteria.