Lacquers

Lacquer is a broad term for coatings that form a hard, protective film on surfaces when a resin is dissolved in a volatile solvent and allowed to dry. The film results from solvent evaporation and, in many formulations, subsequent cross-linking. Natural lacquers use resins derived from trees such as the lacquer tree, while modern lacquers are predominantly synthetic, including nitrocellulose, cellulose derivatives, acrylics, polyurethanes, and related systems. Water-based lacquers are common, offering lower solvent emissions.

Natural lacquers require careful layering and controlled conditions. They can produce very durable, high-gloss finishes but are sensitive to heat, moisture, and handling during curing. Synthetic lacquers cure mainly by solvent loss and sometimes by cross-linking, typically drying quickly and delivering strong adhesion, hardness, and chemical resistance. They differ from varnishes (oil-based) and enamels (drying through chemical oxidation).

Lacquers are used in a variety of applications, including wood finishes for furniture and decorative objects, musical instruments, and automotive and industrial coatings. In cosmetics, the term lacquer appears in nail lacquers (nail polish), which are film-forming color coatings designed for short-term wear.

History and terminology: lacquerware has a long tradition in East Asia, with urushi-based products representing traditional natural lacquers. The Western term “lacquer” entered via translations of East Asian practices, while modern industry relies largely on synthetic formulations developed in the 20th century.

Safety and removal: solvent-based lacquers emit volatile organic compounds and require proper ventilation and protective equipment. Urushi-based lacquers can cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals. Removal typically involves solvents or heat-assisted methods and may necessitate refinishing.