Laboratorieplasmor

Laboratorieplasmor are plasmas produced and studied within controlled laboratory environments. A plasma is an ionized gas in which a substantial fraction of atoms or molecules are ionized, creating free electrons and positive ions that interact collectively through electromagnetic fields. In laboratory settings, plasmas span a wide range of temperatures, densities, and excitation methods, enabling systematic study of plasma physics and practical applications.

They can be low-temperature, nonthermal plasmas where the electron temperature is high while the heavy particle temperature remains near room temperature; or high-temperature plasmas approaching or exceeding tens of millions of kelvin in fusion research. Key descriptors include electron temperature, ion temperature, density, Debye length, and plasma frequency.

Laboratorieplasmor are produced by various means: electric discharges (glow, arc), radio frequency or microwave excitation, dielectric barrier discharges, laser-induced breakdown, and plasma jets or effusive sources.

Diagnostics include Langmuir probes, spectroscopy, interferometry, Thomson scattering, and optical emission spectroscopy. These methods measure parameters such as electron density, temperature, composition, and flow.

Applications cover materials processing (etching, deposition, surface modification), semiconductor fabrication, sterilization and disinfection, plasma medicine, environmental remediation, and fundamental studies in fusion, space and astrophysical plasmas, and plasma-based accelerators.

Safety considerations include UV and electromagnetic radiation, reactive chemical species, high temperatures and pressures, and gas handling hazards. Laboratories use shielding, ventilation, gas safety protocols, and controlled handling of high-voltage equipment and lasers.