Küüslauk

Küüslauk, or Allium sativum, is a bulbous plant in the onion genus that is widely cultivated for culinary use. The edible part is the bulb, which consists of several cloves encased in a papery skin. The plant typically has hollow, strap-like leaves and a flowering stalk (scape) that is often removed in cultivation to promote bulb development.

Cultivation and growth are centered on vegetative propagation, usually by planting individual cloves. In temperate regions, cloves are planted in autumn and left to establish over winter, in well-drained soil with full sun. Spacing is typically about 10–15 cm between cloves, with rows 30–40 cm apart. Garlic requires moderate moisture; overwatering can lead to rot. Harvest occurs when the foliage turns yellow and dies back, usually in late spring to mid-summer depending on climate, after which bulbs are cured in a dry, airy place for several weeks.

Varieties are broadly categorized into softneck (Allium sativum var. sativum) and hardneck (Allium sativum var. ophioscorodon). Softneck types store well and are common in milder climates, while hardneck types often have a stronger flavor and produce a central flowering stalk.

Culinary uses include fresh cloves, minced or pressed, as well as dried, powdered, or oil- and paste-form products. Garlic is used worldwide to flavor savory dishes and is often roasted to produce a mild, sweet flavor.

Nutritionally, garlic contains sulfur compounds such as allicin formed when cloves are crushed, along with small amounts of vitamins and minerals. Some studies have investigated potential health effects, but evidence remains inconclusive. Proper storage in a cool, dry, ventilated place helps maintain flavor and shelf life.