Közvetett

Közvetett is a Hungarian adjective meaning indirect, mediated, or second-hand. It describes something that involves an intermediary, is not direct, or is derived through or via a middle step. The term originates from the verb közvetít (to mediate) and the noun közvetítő (mediator).

In language and linguistics, közvetett is used to distinguish indirect forms from direct ones. For example, közvetett beszéd refers to indirect or reported speech, while közvetlen beszéd denotes direct quotation. In grammar, közvetett tárgy refers to the indirect object of a sentence, contrasted with the közvetlen tárgy (direct object).

In economics and public finance, közvetett adó describes indirect taxes, such as value-added tax (áfa) and excise duties, which are collected through intermediaries or embedded in goods and services. This is often contrasted with közvetlen adó, direct taxes paid directly by individuals or organizations.

In science, measurement, and research, közvetett mérés or közvetett becslés denotes indirect measurement or estimation, where a property is inferred from a proxy or intermediary variable rather than measured directly.

Közvetett can also characterize influence, information, or communication that is mediated rather than received firsthand, as in közvetett befolyás or közvetett kommunikáció.

Etymologically, the word is built from köz- meaning "between" or "among" and the root közvetít, emphasizing mediation or intermediate steps. Related forms include közvetítő (mediator) and related compounds.