Körpersystems

Körpersystems, or body systems, are the integrated networks of organs and tissues that cooperate to perform fundamental physiological functions necessary for life and homeostasis. In humans, the major systems are commonly described as the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, lymphatic, integumentary, urinary, and reproductive systems; the sensory modalities (such as vision, hearing, and balance) are typically linked with the nervous system.

The circulatory system transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the air and the blood. The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. The nervous system processes information and coordinates actions. The musculoskeletal system provides support, movement, and protection. The endocrine system regulates physiology through hormones. The immune system defends against pathogens, while the lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and supports immunity. The integumentary system protects the body and helps regulate temperature. The urinary system removes waste and maintains water and electrolyte balance. The reproductive system enables offspring. Sensory modalities contribute to perception and interaction with the environment, typically via pathways associated with the nervous system.

Many organs participate in multiple systems, reflecting multifunctional roles within physiology. Homeostasis is maintained by regulatory feedback that adjusts variables such as temperature, pH, glucose, and fluid balance in response to internal and external changes.

Körpersystems provide a framework for studying structure and function in anatomy and physiology, and the concept underpins medical practice and comparative biology across vertebrates.