Kältemittel

Kältemittel, also known as refrigerants, are working fluids used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Their primary function is to absorb heat from a low-temperature source and release it to a high-temperature sink, thereby cooling the desired space. This process is achieved through a thermodynamic cycle, typically involving compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation.

Historically, many refrigerants were chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). However, due to their significant ozone depletion potential and high global warming potential, their use has been largely phased out under international agreements like the Montreal Protocol. Modern refrigerants are categorized based on their chemical composition and environmental impact. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are now widely used, offering zero ozone depletion potential, but many still possess considerable global warming potential.

Newer generations of refrigerants, such as hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), are being developed and implemented. These often have very low global warming potentials, aiming to balance performance with environmental sustainability. The selection of a suitable refrigerant depends on various factors, including the specific application, operating temperatures, safety considerations (flammability, toxicity), efficiency requirements, and regulatory compliance. The ongoing research and development in this field are focused on finding refrigerants that are environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and safe for widespread use.