Kyphose

Kyphosis, or kyphose in German, is a spinal condition characterized by an excessive forward rounding of the thoracic spine, producing a rounded upper back. The thoracic spine normally curves outward (kyphosis) by about 20 to 40 degrees; hyperkyphosis is defined as an angle greater than the normal range, with the Cobb angle commonly used to measure the curvature on radiographs.

The condition is commonly classified by cause and patient age. Postural kyphosis arises from slouched posture and is usually flexible. Scheuermann’s disease (juvenile kyphosis) involves wedging of several adjacent vertebrae and tends to be more rigid. Osteoporosis-related kyphosis results from vertebral compression fractures in older adults. Age-related or senile hyperkyphosis reflects cumulative degenerative changes and height loss over time.

Symptoms vary by severity. Some individuals have visible deformity without pain, while others experience back pain, muscle fatigue, stiffness, and reduced height. Severe kyphosis can impair breathing and mobility and may affect quality of life. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and imaging, with X-rays used to measure the curvature and assess vertebral shape. Additional imaging (MRI or CT) may be indicated to identify underlying pathology.

Treatment depends on age, cause, and curvature magnitude. Mild cases may require observation and posture education, along with physical therapy focused on spinal extension and core strengthening. Bracing is commonly used in skeletally immature patients to slow progression. In Scheuermann’s disease or unstable deformities, bracing or structured exercise programs may help. Surgical correction, typically posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation, is considered for severe, progressive kyphosis or neurological impairment.