Kvartsliiva

Kvartsliiva refers to sand composed primarily of quartz, i.e., silicon dioxide (SiO2). In industrial terms, quartz sand is defined as sand with a high quartz content and low levels of impurities; common specifications require at least about 95% SiO2 and low levels of iron oxide and other contaminants. The grains are typically well sorted and rounded, depending on transport history, with sizes commonly ranging from 0.063 to 2 millimeters, though markets also trade coarser or finer grades.

Kvartsliiva forms through the weathering of siliceous rocks such as granite and quartzite, followed by transport by water or wind. It accumulates in river gravels, beaches, dunes, and other sedimentary environments. Quartz grains are chemically inert and mechanically resistant, which explains their prevalence as sand in many landscapes.

Major industrial applications include glass manufacture, foundry molding sands, concrete and construction, and filtration (drinking water, wastewater, and beverages). It is also used as a filler and carrier in paints, ceramics, and electronics-grade products when purity is high.

Processing typically involves washing, drying, and sieving to achieve the desired grain size distribution and purity. Impurities such as iron oxide are reduced to improve color and brightness. For very high-purity uses, additional steps may include magnetic separation, acid leaching, or flotation.

Safety and environmental considerations include the health risks associated with respirable silica dust, which can cause silicosis; dust suppression and appropriate personal protective equipment are important. Sand extraction and processing can affect habitats, water quality, and landscape dynamics, and are subject to mining and environmental regulations in many regions.

See also: silica sand, quartz.