Koonduslaager

Koonduslaager is the Estonian term for the concentration camps used by Soviet authorities in Estonia during and after the occupation that began in 1940. The word combines koondus (concentration) and laager (camp). These facilities were part of a broader system of political repression and mass deportations carried out by the Soviet security apparatus, notably the NKVD and later the KGB.

During the Soviet era, thousands of Estonians and other residents were detained in koonduslaager-like facilities on vague charges such as anti-Soviet activity or for deportation to remote areas of the USSR. Detainees were held in a range of sites, from existing prisons to improvised camps, and many were later moved to labor camps in distant regions such as Siberia. Conditions were typically harsh, with overcrowding, limited food, and limited medical care, leading to suffering and, in some cases, death.

The camps and deportations had a profound and lasting impact on Estonian society, disrupting families, communities, and cultural life. The memory of koonduslaager, as part of the broader history of Soviet repression in the Baltic states, continues to be a subject of historical research and public remembrance in Estonia.

See also: Mass deportations from Estonia (1941 and 1949), Soviet repression in the Baltic states, Gulag system.