Kongreso

Kongreso is the Filipino term for the national legislature, officially known as the Kongreso ng Pilipinas. It is a bicameral body composed of the Senate (Senado) and the House of Representatives (Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan). The term reflects the Philippines’ constitutional framework and its historical ties to Spanish and American legislative traditions. In Filipino usage, Kongreso is the primary lawmaking and oversight institution of the government.

Historically, the modern Kongreso traces its origins to the 1935 Constitution, which established a bicameral legislature. The 1973 Constitution created a unicameral National Assembly under the regime of that period, while the 1987 Constitution restored a bicameral Congress that continues to operate today. The Kongreso legislates within the framework of the Constitution and under the oversight of other branches of government.

Composition and election: The Senate comprises 24 members elected at large to six-year terms, with about half of the seats contested every three years. The House of Representatives includes district representatives and party-list groups, with members serving three-year terms. The party-list system provides additional representation for marginalized sectors. Both chambers operate independently but must concur on most measures for them to become law.

Powers and functions: The Kongreso enacts laws, approves national budgets, and exercises oversight of the executive branch. It has the power to confirm some appointments, conduct investigations, and, in certain cases, initiate impeachment proceedings (the House brings charges; the Senate conducts trials and can convict with a two-thirds vote). It can also propose constitutional amendments, subject to the processes outlined in the Constitution.

Location and operation: The House of Representatives sits at the Batasan Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, while the Senate conducts sessions in its own building in the Manila area. The two chambers meet separately and occasionally in joint sessions for specific constitutional or ceremonial duties.