Konduktionsstörningar

Konduktionsstörningar, also known as conduction disorders, refer to impairments in the transmission of electrical impulses within the heart's conduction system. These disturbances can affect the normal rhythm and timing of the heartbeat, leading to arrhythmias.

The cardiac conduction system comprises specialized tissues, including the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. Conduction disturbances typically occur when there is blockage or delay at any of these structures. Common types include bundle branch blocks, AV blocks, and intraventricular conduction delays.

Bundle branch blocks involve a delay or blockage in the right or left bundle branches, resulting in abnormal ventricular contraction patterns detectable on an electrocardiogram (ECG). AV blocks are classified into three degrees: first-degree (prolonged PR interval), second-degree (intermittent failure of conduction), and third-degree or complete block, where atrial and ventricular activities are independent.

Conduction disturbances may be asymptomatic or cause symptoms such as dizziness, syncope, or palpitations, depending on severity. They can be congenital or acquired, with causes including ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies, electrolyte imbalances, and medication effects.

Diagnosis primarily relies on ECG analysis, which identifies specific conduction delays or blocks. Treatment approaches depend on the type and severity of the disorder. Mild conduction delays may require only observation, while significant blocks often necessitate interventions like pacemaker implantation to maintain normal heart rhythm and prevent complications.

In summary, konduktionsstörningar encompass a range of electrical conduction abnormalities within the heart, with clinical significance ranging from benign incidental findings to potentially life-threatening arrhythmias requiring medical intervention.