Kondukci

Kondukci is a term used in several languages to refer to conduction—the process by which energy, signals, or particles are transferred within a material or between bodies. The root is Latin conducere, meaning to lead together. In science, kondukci covers electrical conduction, thermal conduction, and biological conduction, among other forms.

Electrical conduction describes how electric charges move under an applied field. In metals, free electrons drift, creating current that follows Ohm's law I = V/R. Materials with high conductivity allow easy current flow; insulators resist it. Conductivity depends on temperature, impurities, and crystal structure; superconductors exhibit zero resistance below a critical temperature. Conductivity is measured in siemens per meter (S/m).

Thermal conduction transfers heat through solids, liquids, and gases. Fourier's law states q = -k ∇T, with k the thermal conductivity. In metals, electrons carry much of the heat; in insulators, lattice vibrations (phonons) dominate. The efficiency depends on material microstructure, defects, and interfaces.

Biological conduction refers to the propagation of nerve impulses and other signaling processes. Neurons transmit signals via ionic currents along membranes; axons can be myelinated, producing saltatory conduction that speeds up transmission. Conduction velocity depends on axon diameter, temperature, and myelination.

In engineering and physics, the study of kondukci yields practical concepts such as conductance, resistivity, and various measurement techniques. Applications include electrical wiring, thermal insulation, and biomedical devices that monitor or modulate nerve activity.