Kompílérar

Kompílérar (compilers) are software tools that translate programs written in a source programming language into another form, typically machine code or an intermediate representation that can be executed by hardware. Their aim is to allow developers to write in a high-level language while achieving efficient, portable execution across different architectures and operating systems.

Most modern compilers are part of a toolchain that may include an assembler, linker, and libraries. Some languages employ just-in-time (JIT) compilation or transpilation, where code is translated into another high-level language rather than directly into machine code. Compilers support a wide range of languages, including C, C++, Java, and Rust, and they are also specialized for domains such as graphics shaders or embedded systems.

Architecture commonly divides into a front end and a back end. The front end handles lexical analysis, parsing, and semantic checks of the source language. The back end performs optimization and generates target-specific machine code or an intermediate representation. Additional steps such as register allocation, instruction selection, and scheduling may be involved.

Key phases include lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis, intermediate representation, optimization, and code generation. Some compilers are single-pass, others multi-pass, trading faster compilation for deeper analysis and higher-quality code.

History: Compilers emerged in the 1950s with the development of high-level languages such as Fortran. The term compiler is often attributed to Grace Hopper. Today, compilers underpin almost all modern programming ecosystems and continue to evolve with new targets, languages, and optimization techniques.