Kompassuak

Kompassuak are navigational instruments used to determine one’s direction. The Basque term kompassuak denotes compasses in plural, while kompassua names the singular instrument. Most traditional kompassuak rely on a magnetized needle that aligns with Earth’s magnetic field. The needle rests on a pivot and points to magnetic north, while a fixed dial shows cardinal directions or degrees. Modern magnetic compasses may include damping to reduce oscillation, and pocket or map compasses add a baseplate and rotating bezel for orienteering.

Other types exist, such as gyrocompasses, which use gyroscopes to determine true north and are common in ships; digital compasses in smartphones and vehicles rely on sensors and calibration.

Historically, magnetic compasses appeared in China in the 11th century and spread to the Islamic world and Europe, transforming seafaring and exploration. Their use expanded into land navigation, surveying, and military applications.

Usage involves aligning the instrument with the desired direction, accounting for magnetic declination at a given location, and interpreting the dial to follow a course. They are subject to interference from ferrous metals and magnetic anomalies, which can reduce accuracy, especially near the poles.

Today, kompassuak remain a basic tool in navigation, complemented by electronic systems and GPS. They function as a reliable backup and as a teaching aid in orienteering and map navigation.