Kolposkoopiat

Kolposkoopiat are diagnostic procedures that use a colposcope to inspect the cervix, vagina, and vulva. They are typically performed in response to abnormal cervical cytology (such as a Pap smear result) or when a lesion is suspected during a gynecologic examination. The colposcope provides magnification and illumination, enabling the clinician to assess the transformation zone, mucosal patterns, and vascular changes. A solution of dilute acetic acid (vinegar) is applied to highlight abnormal epithelium, which turns white (acetowhite changes). Lugol's iodine may be used to further delineate tissue differences (Schiller test).

During the procedure, the clinician looks for acetowhite areas, mosaic or punctuation patterns, and abnormal vessels, which can indicate cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or invasive cancer. If suspicious areas are found, directed biopsies are taken for histopathological examination. Endocervical sampling may be performed if needed to assess the endocervical canal.

Kolposkoopiat help triage management by guiding decisions about surveillance, further diagnostic procedures, or treatment such as excisional procedures (e.g., conization) or therapy for precancerous lesions. The results are reported using established terminology and may lead to a CIN grade diagnosis.

The procedure is generally well tolerated, with minor risks including transient discomfort, light bleeding, or infection; severe complications are rare.

Limitations include dependence on operator experience, variable visualization due to anatomy or inflammation, and the possibility of missing focal abnormalities. Kolposkoopiat are a standard component of cervical cancer screening programs in many countries and complement cytology and HPV testing.