Kivirautaisiin
Kivirautaisiin is a Finnish term that translates to "stone rust" or "iron rust on stone." It refers to the visual discoloration and staining that occurs on natural stone surfaces, particularly porous ones like sandstone, granite, or limestone, when iron compounds within the stone or from external sources are exposed to moisture and oxidize. This process creates reddish-brown, orange, or yellowish streaks and patches on the stone.
The iron, often present as ferrous iron (Fe2+), is oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+) in the presence
The appearance of kivirautaisiin is often considered unsightly, especially on historical buildings or decorative stone elements.