Kimberliitin

Kimberliitti is a type of deep-seated, volatile rock that originates in the Earth's mantle and is brought to the surface rapidly through volcanic processes. It is primarily known as the most important source of diamonds, although not all kimberlite pipes contain diamonds. The formation of kimberlite involves a complex interplay of high pressure, temperature, and the presence of volatile components like carbon dioxide and water.

These igneous rocks are characterized by a distinctive mineral assemblage, often including olivine, serpentine, mica, perovskite, and apatite. The rapid ascent from the mantle prevents significant recrystallization, preserving minerals that would otherwise break down under slower cooling conditions. This rapid eruption is thought to occur through explosive volcanic events, creating pipe-like structures known as kimberlite pipes or diatremes.

Geologists identify kimberlite by its texture and mineral content. Its color can vary widely, from dark green and black to brown and gray, depending on the degree of alteration. The economic significance of kimberlite lies almost exclusively in its association with diamond deposits, making the exploration and mining of kimberlite pipes a major global industry. Significant kimberlite occurrences are found in various parts of the world, including South Africa, Russia, Canada, and Australia.