The key innovation that propelled the industry was the invention of the pendulum by Christiaan Huygens in 1656, which dramatically improved accuracy and gave rise to the term "clockmaking." Subsequent developments, such as the Swiss lever escapement in the 18th century and the invention of the spring-driven watch by Honore Reinel, enabled smaller, portable timepieces.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the industrial revolution introduced mass production methods, such as the rotary lathe and the assembly line, leading to the widespread availability of accurate yet affordable watches. Renowned watchmakers like the Breguet family, Rolex, and Omega distinguished themselves through engineering excellence and precision.
Today, k}ellotekniikan blends traditional craftsmanship with modern materials and digital technologies. Quartz movements, yet another major breakthrough of the 20th century, dominate the market due to their low cost and high accuracy. High-end chronometers, however, continue to rely on intricate mechanical movements precision, often certified by the Swiss Chronometer Supervision (COSC). Contemporary developments include high-precision chronographs, smartwatches, wearable technology, and the use of exotic alloys such as titanium and ceramic. Moreover, there is a vibrant niche for restoration specialists, who preserve historic timepieces by employing original materials and techniques.
In Finland, the term "kellotekniikka" also reflects a regional tradition where craftsmen have contributed to the global field. Museums such as the Swiss and German Museum of Watchmaking in Lucerne and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts house extensive clockmaking collections, documenting the evolution from medieval tower clocks to modern quartz chronometers. The discipline continues to value meticulous measurements, fine metallurgical work, and an enduring aesthetic that celebrates both function and form.