Kawakawa

Kawakawa, scientifically known as Piper excelsum, is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the pepper family (Piperaceae). It is native to New Zealand and parts of the Pacific, where it commonly forms a dense, spreading shrub or small tree up to several meters tall. The plant is valued for its fragrant, peppery leaves and versatile use in gardens and traditional settings.

Leaves are simple, broad, and oval to heart-shaped, typically 5–12 cm long. They have a glossy dark green upper surface and a lighter underside, and when crushed release a distinctive peppery aroma due to the plant’s essential oils. Flowers are small and inconspicuous, produced in loose clusters, while the fruit is a small red berry that ripens later in the season.

Distribution and habitat: Kawakawa is widespread across New Zealand, including coastal and lowland forest areas and shaded gullies. It tolerates a range of conditions from sun to shade and is often found in native vegetation communities. It is also grown ornamentally in gardens for its foliage and scent.

Uses and cultural significance: The plant holds cultural importance for Māori and is used in traditional medicine (rongoā). Leaves are chewed or used in poultices to treat mouth ulcers, minor wounds, and sore joints; leaf infusions have been used as tea for coughs or stomach upset. In contemporary practice, kawakawa is employed in herbal preparations and as a flavoring in foods and beverages, and it is valued for ornamental use as well.

Conservation and cultivation: Kawakawa is not widely listed as endangered and is propagated from seeds or cuttings. It is popular in native restoration projects and home gardens for its ecological and aesthetic benefits.