Kathakali

Kathakali is a classical Indian dance-drama from the state of Kerala. It is known for its highly stylized makeup, elaborate costumes, and immersive storytelling. The name derives from kathā (story) and kali (play or performance). Kathakali developed in Kerala during the 17th century through the fusion of temple, folk, and martial arts traditions, and was traditionally performed by male artists; in many groups today, women also perform.

Performance elements include a codified system of makeup (vesha) that signals character types, from noble heroes to demons. Performers wear vivid costumes and towering headgear, and the narrative is conveyed primarily through dance, gesture, and facial expressions. The musical framework comes from live vocal and rhythmic accompaniment, notably percussion such as the chenda and maddalam, and sometimes cymbals. Movement relies on hand gestures (mudras) and abhinaya (facial expression), with strong emphasis on conveying a range of emotions. Most plays draw on stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as regional legends and Puranic tales.

Training and performance practices are rooted in an extended guru–shishya tradition, with rigorous instruction in technique and expression. Kathakali performances can be lengthy, often staged in temples or cultural centers, though they are now presented in theaters worldwide. The art form remains a prominent, highly regarded example of Kerala’s performing arts, and continues to evolve within contemporary contexts while preserving traditional elements.