Kaksiarvoisuus
Kaksiarvoisuus, often translated as bivalence, is a philosophical concept that pertains to the idea that propositions can possess exactly two truth values: true or false. This principle is a foundational element of classical logic, asserting that every declarative statement is either true or false, and no third option exists. This principle excludes the possibility of propositions being neither true nor false, or having degrees of truth.
The law of excluded middle, which is closely related to bivalence, states that for any proposition P,
Despite these challenges, bivalence remains a cornerstone of much of philosophical and logical reasoning, particularly within