Kálvinist

Kálvinist, also known as Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestant Christianity that follows the theological tradition of John Calvin, a 16th-century French theologian. It is one of the most influential systems of Christian theology developed during the Protestant Reformation. Calvinism emphasizes the sovereignty of God in salvation and the depravity of humanity, a doctrine often summarized by the acronym TULIP, which stands for Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and the Perseverance of the Saints.

Calvinism originated from the teachings of John Calvin, who refined his ideas in works such as *Institutes of the Christian Religion*. His theology was heavily influenced by earlier Reformers like Martin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli, as well as by the writings of Augustine of Hippo. Calvinist ideas spread through the work of his followers, particularly in Geneva, where he established a model Protestant church. The movement gained prominence in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and later in parts of England and North America.

Key tenets of Calvinism include the doctrine of predestination, which holds that God has eternally chosen certain individuals for salvation while leaving others to their own fate. This belief is often misunderstood as a doctrine of fatalism, but Calvinists argue that it underscores God’s sovereignty and the necessity of divine grace in salvation. Another central concept is the authority of Scripture, which Calvinists believe is the ultimate source of Christian doctrine.

Calvinism has given rise to several denominations, including the Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Church in America, and the Dutch Reformed Church. It has also influenced other Protestant traditions, such as the Puritans in England and the Pilgrims who settled in North America. While Calvinism remains a significant theological tradition, its interpretations and applications have varied across different churches and cultures.