Jums

Jums is a Latvian pronoun used to address the second person in the plural or in formal address. It functions as the indirect object in a sentence, often translating to "to you" or "for you" in English. The corresponding nominative form is jūs, which covers the subject pronoun “you.” In Latvian, pronouns decline by case, number, and form, but jums is the form commonly used for the recipient of an action.

Usage and examples:

- Vai jums patīk šī filma? (Do you like this film?)

- Es jums došu grāmatu. (I will give you a book.)

- Paldies jums par palīdzību. (Thank you for your help.)

Jums is typically placed near the verb or at the front of the sentence, depending on emphasis and word order. It is distinct from the possessive or nominative forms and should not be confused with the informal singular tú in other languages.

In Latvian, using jums conveys either plural address or formal singular address, reflecting a politeness or distance in social relations. The pronoun is a standard element of everyday speech and writing in Latvian and appears in a wide range of contexts, from casual conversation to formal documents. Outside of Latvian, the string “jums” generally has no meaning and is not used as an English word.

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