Joutsenia

Joutsenia is the plural form of joutsen, the Finnish word for swan. In Finland, joutsenia refers to swans as a group, large waterfowl in the genus Cygnus that are common in lakes, rivers and wetlands, especially during spring and autumn migrations.

Across Finland, the two species most commonly seen as breeding birds are the mute swan (Cygnus olor) and the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus). A tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus) is rarer and mostly appears as an irregular visitor or migrant in some years. These species are distinguished by plumage and bill patterns: the mute swan has pure white plumage with an orange bill and a characteristic black knob at the base, while the whooper swan has a black bill with a yellow or pale base patch and lacks the knob.

Swans typically form long-term pair bonds and build large nests of vegetation near water. The female incubates eggs while the male guards the territory and protects the nest. After hatching, both parents lead and feed the cygnets. Their diet is primarily plant-based, consisting of aquatic vegetation, grasses and other plant matter, though they may take small aquatic animals opportunistically.

Migration patterns vary by species. Whooper swans breed in Arctic and subarctic regions and migrate to milder areas in winter, including parts of Europe. Mute swans are often residents of lakes and rivers in milder climates but may undertake short-distance movements in winter. In Finland, both species are a familiar feature of freshwater habitats and coastal wetlands.

Conservation and human interactions: swans are protected birds under Finnish wildlife laws. Disturbing nests, harming birds, or harming habitat is regulated to safeguard populations. Joutsenia are valued as part of Finland’s natural heritage and are often observed in wildlife watching and cultural contexts.