Jaotuvõrk

Jaotuvõrk is the part of the electric power system that distributes electricity from substations connected to the transmission or regional distribution network to end consumers. It operates at medium and low voltage levels and includes distribution substations, feeders, distribution lines (underground cables and overhead lines), transformers, switchgear, protection and control devices, metering, and service connections to customers. The primary purpose of the jaotuvõrk is to maintain voltage within acceptable limits, provide reliable delivery, and isolate faults to minimize outages.

Network topology can be radial, where each customer is supplied by a single path, or ring-like/meshed in which multiple paths exist for improved reliability. The system is operated by distribution system operators (DSOs), who plan, build, and maintain the network and coordinate with the transmission system operator (TSO) to ensure overall system balance and reliability. Customers connect to the network through connection agreements, and metering provides consumption data for billing and grid management.

In modern grids, jaotuvõrk increasingly integrates distributed energy resources such as rooftop solar, small wind, and energy storage. Smart-grid technologies—remote monitoring and control, automated switching, voltage regulation, advanced metering and data analytics—enhance fault detection, restoration, and energy efficiency. Demand response and dynamic tariffs may also be used to balance supply and demand at the distribution level.

Planning and regulation cover capacity expansion, asset management, reliability targets, safety standards, and tariff structures established by regulators. Ongoing challenges include aging infrastructure, rising penetration of distributed generation, cyber and physical security, and the need for grid modernization to maintain reliability and resilience.