Ivermektin

Ivermektin, also spelled ivermectin in English, etc., is a broad‑spectrum antiparasitic medication used in human and veterinary medicine. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of avermectin B1 produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. The discovery and development of avermectins by Satoshi Ōmura and William C. Campbell led to widespread use and was recognized with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.

Mechanism of action and spectrum: Ivermectin binds selectively to glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells, increasing chloride ion permeability, causing hyperpolarization, paralysis and death of the parasite. Mammalian neurons have different targets and protective barriers, giving a wide therapeutic window at approved doses, although high doses or unusual vulnerabilities can raise safety concerns. It is active against many helminths and ectoparasites, including nematodes such as Onchocerca volvulus and Strongyloides species, as well as ectoparasites like Sarcoptes scabiei and certain lice.

Human medical use and regulatory status: In humans, ivermectin is used to treat onchocerciasis (river blindness), strongyloidiasis, and other helminth infections, and is used off-label for scabies in some settings. In combination with other drugs, it has played a role in control programs for lymphatic filariasis. It is listed on the World Health Organization essential medicines list and is approved in many countries for specific indications. It is not proven to treat viral infections and is not approved for COVID-19.

Safety and cautions: Ivermectin is generally well tolerated; common adverse effects include dizziness, pruritus and abdominal symptoms. Severe reactions can occur in people with high parasite burdens, such as a Mazzotti reaction in onchocerciasis, or in patients with heavy Loa loa infections. Safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding varies by jurisdiction; consult local guidance.

Veterinary use: Ivermectin is widely used in veterinary medicine to treat endo- and ectoparasites in livestock and companion animals. It is formulated for various species and weight ranges, with dosing and safety profiles tailored accordingly.