Isoniaisiinin

Isoniaisiinin is not a standard term in pharmacology and does not correspond to a widely recognized chemical or drug name. It may be a misspelling or language variant of isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide), a well-known first‑line anti-tuberculosis medication.

Isoniazid is a hydrazide of isonicotinic acid. It is a bactericidal agent against actively growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis when used as part of combination therapy. Isoniazid is a prodrug activated by the bacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme KatG, and the active form inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall.

Medical use: In active TB, isoniazid is used in combination with rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. For latent TB infection, it is given for about 6 to 9 months to prevent progression to disease. Shorter regimens combining isoniazid with rifapentine are used in some settings under supervision.

Administration and dosing: Isoniazid is typically taken orally. The standard adult dose is 5 mg per kilogram of body weight daily, not exceeding 300 mg per day. Dosing may be adjusted for hepatic impairment or pregnancy; caution is advised in patients with liver disease.

Adverse effects and safety: Hepatotoxicity is the major concern and requires monitoring of liver enzymes. Peripheral neuropathy can occur due to pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency and is preventable with supplementation, especially in malnourished, diabetic, or pregnant patients. Other risks include drug-induced lupus and hypersensitivity reactions. Interactions with alcohol and other hepatotoxic drugs can increase liver injury risk; isoniazid can affect certain drug-metabolizing enzymes.

Resistance and history: TB strains with KatG or inhA mutations may be resistant. Isoniazid has been a cornerstone of TB therapy since its adoption in the mid-20th century.