Isolateur

Isolateur is a term used in French to denote devices or materials that prevent the transfer of energy or decouple systems. In engineering contexts, isolators may refer to electrical insulators that stop current flow, or to seismic base isolators that decouple a structure from ground motion. The concept also appears in other forms of insulation, but the two main uses are electrical and seismic.

Electrical insulators, or isolateurs électriques, are components or materials that resist the flow of electric current. They provide electrical separation between conductive parts and the environment or between different conductors, while often also bearing mechanical loads. Common insulator materials include porcelain, glass, and polymer composites. On transmission lines and in substations, insulators come in various designs such as pin, suspension, and strain types, chosen for mechanical strength and dielectric performance. Key design considerations include dielectric strength, surface and creepage distance, resistance to contamination, and weathering. Insulators must withstand high operating voltages, environmental conditions, and mechanical stresses, and their performance directly affects system reliability and safety.

Seismic isolators, or isolateurs sismiques, are devices used in civil engineering to reduce the transmission of ground motion to a structure during an earthquake. They typically act as flexible bearing systems, absorbing energy and lengthening the natural period of vibration. Common technologies include laminated rubber bearings, lead-rubber bearings, and friction pendulum systems. Base isolation can significantly reduce flooring accelerations, protect structural integrity, and lower non-structural damage, but requires careful design, skilled installation, and appropriate maintenance. Seismic isolators are used in buildings, bridges, and critical facilities in regions with substantial seismic risk.

In summary, isolateurs span electrical insulation and seismic isolation, reflecting the broad idea of preventing unwanted energy transfer or motion in engineered systems.