Infekcija

Infekcija is the invasion and multiplication of organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites within the body, leading to a host immune response and potential tissue damage. Not all encounters with pathogens result in disease; many infections are harmless or self-limiting, while others progress to illness.

Infectious agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Infections can be localized, affecting a specific site such as the skin, lungs, or urinary tract, or systemic, spreading through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Some infections are asymptomatic, detected only by laboratory tests.

Transmission occurs through direct contact, droplets, airborne spread, contaminated surfaces, food or water, or vectors such as insects. Host factors like age, immune status, existing medical conditions, and vaccination history influence susceptibility and disease severity.

Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation supported by laboratory tests. Microbial cultures, molecular tests (such as PCR), serology, and imaging may be used to identify the pathogen and assess complications.

Management depends on the cause: antibiotics for bacterial infections, antivirals for certain viral infections, antifungals for fungal infections, and antiparasitics for parasites. Supportive care, such as hydration and fever control, is often important. Antimicrobial stewardship aims to use effective treatments while reducing resistance.

Prevention focuses on vaccination, good hygiene, safe food and water, appropriate wound care, and safe sexual practices. In healthcare settings, infection control measures reduce transmission.

Globally, infections remain a major component of morbidity and mortality, with antibiotic resistance posing a significant and growing public health challenge.