Individuálás

Individuálás, Hungarian for individuation or individualization, is a term used in psychology, education, and social sciences to describe the development or recognition of a distinct, self-directed identity within a larger system.

In psychology, the term often aligns with Carl Jung's concept of individuation, the lifelong process of integrating conscious and unconscious aspects of the personality to form a cohesive self. The journey typically involves acknowledging the shadow, balancing inner opposites such as anima and animus, and fostering psychological autonomy.

In education, individuálás refers to the individualization of instruction—tailoring teaching to an individual learner’s needs, interests, and pace. Practices include diagnostic assessment, flexible curricula, differentiated tasks, and personalized feedback, with the aim of maximizing engagement and learning outcomes.

In sociology and cultural studies, the term can describe how individuals develop distinctive identities within pluralistic societies, negotiating norms, roles, and autonomy. It also appears in discussions of personalized public services, work arrangements, and consumer culture.

Critics warn that emphasis on individualization may underplay structural constraints such as social inequality or resource access, and may risk overemphasizing self-reliance at the expense of community ties.

See also: individuation, individualized education, self-actualization.