Immunodeficientsioonid

Immunodeficientsioonid, known in English as immunodeficiencies, refer to a diverse group of disorders characterized by the impaired function or absent components of the immune system. These conditions can be congenital (primary immunodeficiencies) or acquired (secondary immunodeficiencies), leading to increased vulnerability to infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers.

Primary immunodeficiencies are typically inherited and manifest early in life, involving defects in various immune components such as B cells, T cells, phagocytes, or the complement system. Examples include agammaglobulinemia, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).

Secondary immunodeficiencies arise due to external factors such as infections (notably HIV/AIDS), malnutrition, certain medical treatments like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs, and chronic illnesses. These conditions often develop later in life and can be more prevalent in immunocompromised populations.

Symptoms of immunodeficiency vary but generally include recurrent, persistent, or unusually severe infections that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests measuring immunoglobulin levels, lymphocyte subsets, and functional immune assays.

Treatment strategies focus on managing infections, providing immunoglobulin replacement therapy in select cases, and addressing underlying causes when possible. Advances in genetic and immunological research continue to improve diagnosis and therapy options.

Overall, understanding immunodeficiencies is essential for early detection and effective management, reducing morbidity and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.