Immunocompromised

Immunocompromised is a term used to describe a state in which the immune system is weakened or not functioning normally, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, slower recovery, and a higher risk of complications. The condition can result from genetic or developmental factors (primary immunodeficiencies) or from acquired causes (secondary immunodeficiencies).

Common causes include HIV infection, cancer and cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, organ or stem cell transplantation with immunosuppressive drugs, autoimmune or inflammatory diseases treated with immunosuppressants (for example corticosteroids and biologic agents), and chronic illnesses, malnutrition, or advanced age. The degree and duration of immune suppression vary widely depending on the underlying cause and treatment.

People who are immunocompromised face a higher risk of infections from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, including some that are uncommon in healthy individuals. Infections may be more severe, longer-lasting, or atypical in presentation. Opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii, Candida, Aspergillus, and cytomegalovirus can occur in more severely immunocompromised individuals.

Prevention and management focus on reducing exposure to infections and supporting immune function when possible. Strategies include hand hygiene, avoidance of crowded or high-risk environments during outbreaks, safe food handling, and vaccination with inactivated vaccines as appropriate. Live vaccines are often avoided in people with significant immunosuppression. Prophylactic antimicrobial medications may be used in some settings, and any immunosuppressive therapy is balanced against infection risk. Regular medical follow-up and prompt treatment of infections are important components of care.