ISROs

ISRO, the Indian Space Research Organisation, is the space agency of the Government of India. The acronym ISRO is the official name; ISROs is not commonly used in formal contexts. Headquartered in Bengaluru, ISRO operates under the Department of Space and coordinates India's civilian space program, satellite development, launch services, and space science research. The organisation focuses on using space technology for national development and has built a wide range of payloads, launch vehicles, and ground systems.

ISRO traces its origins to the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOS) established in 1962 by scientists led by Vikram Sarabhai. It was reorganised as ISRO in 1969 to pursue indigenous space research and practical applications. Notable early milestones include the Aryabhata satellite (1975) and the Rohini series of orbital launch vehicles (1980), which established India as an independent spacefaring nation.

It has developed major launch vehicles such as PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle), GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle), and the more powerful LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark 3). ISRO's satellite program supports earth observation, communication, and navigation; NAVIC provides regional positioning. Interplanetary missions include Chandrayaan-1 (2008) which detected lunar water, Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission (2013), and Chandrayaan-2 (2019); Aditya-L1 solar mission launched to study the Sun.

The commercial arm Antrix Corporation handles satellite launch contracts and related services. ISRO maintains international collaborations, participates in global space research, and exports certain technologies and services under government policy. Its work supports disaster management, weather forecasting, agriculture, navigation, and communications for India and partner states.

Governance is under the Department of Space with oversight by the Government of India. ISRO's long-term goals include expanding indigenous launch capabilities, expanding satellite constellations for governance and security, and pursuing a crewed space program known as Gaganyaan.