Hálfleiðari

Hálfleiðari is the Icelandic word for semiconductor. Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of a conductor, like copper, and an insulator, like glass. Their conductivity can be manipulated by adding impurities in a process called doping, or by applying external electric fields or light. This unique property makes them essential components in modern electronics.

The behavior of semiconductors is governed by their electronic band structure. In conductors, the valence band and conduction band overlap, allowing electrons to move freely. In insulators, there is a large gap between these bands, preventing electron flow. Semiconductors have a small but non-zero band gap, meaning that under certain conditions, electrons can gain enough energy to jump from the valence band to the conduction band, enabling electrical conduction.

Common semiconductor materials include silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), both from Group 14 of the periodic table. Compound semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP), are also widely used, often offering superior performance characteristics for specific applications.

The fundamental building blocks of almost all electronic devices, from simple diodes and transistors to complex integrated circuits (microchips), are made from semiconductor materials. Their ability to amplify signals, switch currents, and store information has revolutionized technology, underpinning computers, smartphones, and countless other devices.