Hypotonus

Hypotonus refers to a state of reduced muscle tone. Instead of being firm and resistant to passive stretching, muscles in a hypotonic state feel loose or floppy. This can affect various muscle groups throughout the body. While often associated with infants, where it can be a sign of underlying developmental issues, hypotonia can also occur in adults. It is not a disease in itself, but rather a symptom that can arise from a wide range of conditions.

The causes of hypotonia are diverse and can include genetic disorders, neurological problems, metabolic conditions, and even certain infections. In infants, common causes might involve Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, or cerebral palsy. In adults, it can be linked to conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, or myasthenia gravis.

Symptoms of hypotonia can vary in severity and presentation. Individuals may exhibit poor head control, a weak cry, difficulties with feeding, delayed motor milestones like sitting or crawling, and a general lack of muscle resistance. In adults, symptoms might include muscle weakness, fatigue, and problems with coordination and balance. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, a thorough medical history, and often further investigations such as genetic testing, blood tests, or imaging studies to identify the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on managing the specific condition causing the hypotonia and may involve physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy to improve motor skills and function.