Hypolactasia

Hypolactasia is a condition characterized by a reduced ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. This inability is due to insufficient production of lactase, an enzyme produced in the small intestine that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream.

The prevalence of hypolactasia varies significantly across different populations. It is most common in adults of East Asian, West African, and Native American descent. In contrast, it is less common in individuals of Northern European descent. The condition is generally considered a normal physiological adaptation that occurs as people age, particularly after infancy when milk is no longer the primary source of nutrition.

Symptoms of hypolactasia typically manifest after consuming foods or drinks containing lactose. These can include bloating, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, gas, and nausea. The severity of symptoms often depends on the amount of lactose consumed and the individual's level of lactase deficiency.

Diagnosis is usually made based on a medical history and a lactose tolerance test. This test involves measuring blood glucose levels after consuming a lactose-rich drink. If blood glucose levels do not rise significantly, it indicates poor lactose absorption. Alternatively, a hydrogen breath test can be performed, which measures hydrogen levels in the breath after lactose ingestion, as undigested lactose produces hydrogen gas.

Management of hypolactasia primarily involves dietary adjustments. Individuals may reduce their intake of lactose-containing foods or opt for lactose-free alternatives. Lactase enzyme supplements can also be taken before consuming dairy products to aid digestion.