Hypergonadism

Hypergonadism is a medical condition characterized by the excessive production of sex hormones—primarily testosterone in males and estrogen in females—due to overactivity of the gonads (testes or ovaries). This overactivity can result from various underlying causes, including gonadal tumors, gonadotropin-secreting tumors, or hyper-functioning gonadal tissue.

In males, hypergonadism often leads to features such as increased muscle mass, excessive hair growth, and early onset of puberty, which may result in advanced bone age and premature epiphyseal closure. It can also cause behavioral changes and fertility issues. In females, hypergonadism may cause symptoms like irregular or excessive menstrual bleeding, secondary sexual characteristics development at an atypical age, and infertility.

Common causes of hypergonadism include gonadal tumors such as Leydig cell tumors in males or granulosa cell tumors in females, which produce excess hormones. Hyperfunctioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis or hormone-secreting tumors of the pituitary gland can also contribute to increased gonadal hormone levels, although these scenarios are often classified as hypergonadotropic conditions.

Diagnosis involves hormonal assays to measure levels of sex hormones and gonadotropins, along with imaging studies to identify potential tumors or gonadal abnormalities. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include surgical removal of tumors, hormone therapy to suppress excess production, or management of specific syndromes associated with hypergonadism.

Overall, hypergonadism is a relatively rare condition that necessitates careful evaluation to differentiate from related disorders like hypergonadotropic hypogonadism or other hormonal imbalances. Proper diagnosis and management aim to address symptoms, prevent complications, and preserve reproductive health when possible.