Hyperglykemiska

Hyperglykemiska refers to a state of elevated blood glucose levels, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus. The term is used in Swedish medical literature to describe acute or chronic episodes in which blood sugar exceeds normal limits, typically defined as fasting plasma glucose above 7.0 mmol/L or random plasma glucose above 11.1 mmol/L.

The condition can arise from insufficient insulin production, insulin resistance, or excessive glucose intake. In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β‑cells reduces insulin secretion. In type 2 diabetes, the body’s tissues become less responsive to insulin, and pancreatic compensation may eventually fail. Stress, infection, medications such as corticosteroids, and certain endocrine disorders can also precipitate hyperglykemiska episodes.

Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue. Severe cases may progress to hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state or diabetic ketoacidosis, presenting with dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and altered mental status.

Diagnosis relies on blood glucose measurements, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and assessment of ketone bodies in urine or blood. Treatment aims to restore normoglycemia, typically with subcutaneous insulin therapy, intravenous glucose monitoring, and correction of fluid and electrolyte deficits. Long‑term management focuses on dietary adjustments, physical activity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and patient education to prevent recurrence.

Complications of uncontrolled hyperglykemiska include microvascular damage (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular disease (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events). Regular monitoring of glucose levels and adherence to therapeutic regimens are essential to reduce morbidity and improve quality of life for affected individuals.