Humano

Humano is the term used in several Romance languages to denote a human being. In biology, it is commonly used to refer to Homo sapiens, the only extant species of the genus Homo. Humans are characterized by bipedal locomotion, a relatively large brain, and capabilities for complex language, tool use, and social organization.

Taxonomy and evolution: Homo sapiens belongs to the family Hominidae, order Primates. The species evolved in Africa during the Late Pleistocene, with fossil evidence dated to about 300,000 years ago. Genetic and archaeological data indicate multiple dispersals that led to the global distribution of humans.

Anatomy and cognition: adults vary in height and build; the brain volume averages around 1,300 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, supporting advanced cognition, planning, and culture. Humans have highly developed hands capable of precise manipulation, and complex sensory perception, including color vision and social cognition.

Culture and technology: humans create languages, complex social structures, and symbolic systems. They developed agriculture, towns, writing, science, and technology, leading to diverse cultures, economies, and political institutions across different regions and eras.

Genetics and health: the human genome comprises about 3.2 billion base pairs. Genetic diversity reflects ancient migrations and adaptation to environments. Health and lifespan have improved with medicine, nutrition, and public health, though disparities persist globally.

Environment and ethics: human activity shapes ecosystems through agriculture, industry, and urban development. Contemporary discussions focus on sustainability, climate change, biodiversity, and the ethical implications of technology and cross-cultural exchange.