Hosteleota

Hosteleota is a genus of small, freshwater fish belonging to the family Eleotridae, commonly known as sleepers or sleepy cods. These fish are primarily found in Southeast Asia, particularly in the rivers, streams, and brackish waters of countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The genus is characterized by its slender, elongated body, with a maximum recorded length of around 10 centimeters, though most species are significantly smaller.

The most well-known species within this genus is *Hosteleota dussumieri*, often referred to as the dwarf sleeper or pygmy sleeper. This species is notable for its small size, typically reaching only about 5 centimeters in length. It is commonly kept in aquariums due to its hardy nature and interesting behavior, particularly its tendency to rest on the substrate during the day, hence the name "sleeper." Hosteleota species are generally nocturnal, becoming active at night to forage for small invertebrates and detritus.

Hosteleota fish are adapted to a variety of aquatic environments, including slow-moving rivers, ponds, and even rice fields. They are known for their ability to survive in low-oxygen conditions, which is likely due to their labyrinth organ, a specialized respiratory structure that allows them to breathe atmospheric air. This adaptation is common among other members of the Eleotridae family.

In the aquarium trade, *Hosteleota dussumieri* is appreciated for its peaceful temperament and ease of care. It thrives in well-planted tanks with a sandy substrate, where it can bury itself during the day. Breeding in captivity is rare but has been documented, with pairs laying small batches of eggs that adhere to surfaces. Hosteleota species play a minor ecological role in their natural habitats, contributing to nutrient cycling through their feeding habits.

Due to their small size and specific habitat requirements, Hosteleota species are not commonly found in commercial fisheries but are occasionally collected for the aquarium market. Conservation status varies by species, with some populations potentially threatened by habitat degradation and pollution. Research on this genus remains limited, and further study could provide greater insights into their biology and ecological significance.