Hoolduskaitse

Hoolduskaitse refers to the Estonian system of child protection and foster care, designed to ensure the safety, well-being, and development of children who cannot live with their biological families due to neglect, abuse, or other adverse circumstances. The framework is governed by the *Hoolduskaitse Seadus* (Child Protection Act) and falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Social Affairs, with local implementation by municipalities and specialized child protection organizations.

The primary goal of hoolduskaitse is to prevent harm to children while promoting their integration into stable, nurturing environments. Services include temporary placement in foster families, group homes, or residential care facilities, as well as support for families to address underlying issues that led to the need for intervention. Foster care is often preferred over institutionalization to encourage family-like bonds and reduce long-term emotional trauma.

Assessment and intervention are carried out by trained social workers, who evaluate the child’s needs and the family’s capacity to provide care. If necessary, the court may issue a *hooldusõigus* (guardianship) or *kasvatussuhe* (custody) order, granting legal authority to the state or foster parents to make decisions on the child’s behalf. Children in hoolduskaitse have the right to regular visits with their biological family, educational support, and access to mental health services.

The system emphasizes collaboration between state agencies, non-governmental organizations, and volunteers to ensure comprehensive care. Since the 2000s, Estonia has worked to improve the quality of foster care, reduce the number of children in institutional settings, and support reunification with families when possible. International cooperation, including adoption and exchange programs, may also be considered for children who cannot return home.