Homeostatik

Homeostatik is a term used to describe the processes by which a system—most often a living organism—maintains internal stability despite changes in the external environment or internal state. Etymologically, the word stems from Greek roots meaning similar and standing still. In common usage, homeostatik refers to mechanisms that regulate physiological variables within a narrow range.

Most homeostatic regulation relies on feedback mechanisms, particularly negative feedback, which counteracts deviations from a set point. Positive feedback is less common and typically occurs in specialized situations that require rapid change. Examples of homeostasis in humans include regulation of body temperature, blood pH, glucose concentration, and fluid balance.

A typical homeostatic system includes sensors that detect changes, a control center that interprets the signals, and effectors that enact responses. The hypothalamus is a key brain region in temperature and osmoregulation; endocrine glands release hormones to adjust metabolism; kidneys balance fluids and electrolytes.

The concept of homeostasis was articulated in the early 20th century by Walter Cannon, who popularized the idea of stable internal conditions. Today, homeostatic principles are central to physiology, medicine, and systems biology, and the term is also used in engineering and computer science to describe self-regulating designs and adaptive systems.