Hipertiroidizm

Hipertiroidizm, also known as overactive thyroid, is a clinical condition characterized by the excessive production and secretion of thyroid hormones—triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)—by the thyroid gland. These hormones play a vital role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and overall physiological functions. When their levels are elevated, it leads to a hypermetabolic state that affects multiple organ systems.

The most common causes of hipertiroidizm include Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder where antibodies stimulate the thyroid; toxic multinodular goiter; and thyroiditis, which involves inflammation of the gland. Symptoms typically include weight loss, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), increased appetite, sweating, heat intolerance, anxiety, tremors, and tremulousness. Patients may also experience palpitations, muscle weakness, sleep disturbances, and changes in menstrual patterns.

Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment and laboratory tests. Elevated levels of T3 and T4, along with suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), are characteristic findings. Imaging studies like thyroid scintigraphy and ultrasound can help identify nodules or diffuse gland hyperactivity.

Treatment options aim to reduce hormone production and manage symptoms. These include antithyroid medications (e.g., methimazole), radioactive iodine therapy, which destroys overactive thyroid tissue, and, in some cases, surgical removal of the thyroid gland. Beta-blockers are often used to control symptoms such as tachycardia and tremors temporarily.

If untreated, hipertiroidizm can lead to serious complications such as heart rhythm disturbances, osteoporosis, and a life-threatening state called thyroid storm. Proper diagnosis and management are essential to control symptoms and prevent adverse outcomes.